Sunday 22 September 2013

Nationalism in Europe

Meaning of Nationalism:
             Nationalism is the idea of a sense of common identity and a sense of belongingness to a particular geographical area. Apart from this it is also a sense of attachment to a particular culture. It should be kept in mind that culture encompasses a variety of factors, like language, cuisine, costumes, folklores, etc.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
            During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.


Nation state
            French philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-92) criticises the notion suggested by others that a nation is formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory. According to him a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history.

The French Revolution (1789) and the Idea of the Nation:-
            The first clear expression of nationalism observed during French Revolution. French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
            Steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst
            the French people.
            (1) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen).
            (2) A new French flag, the tricolor, replaced former royal flag
            (3) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
            (4) A centralised administrative system, uniform laws.
            (5) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
            (6) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Effects of French Revolution on Other Countries:-
            In 1797 Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin. French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s, carried the idea of nationalism abroad.

Napoleon:-
            In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced the Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code.

            This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions.
           
            Main features
®       Napoleon abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
®       In the towns, guild restrictions were removed.
           
®       Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency

®       Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. Many of his measures that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to other parts of Europe had an impact on people long after Napoleon had left.

The making of nationalism in Europe
®       In the mid-eighteenth-century modern day Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies ( territory ruled by duke ) and cantons ( small administrative division).
®       Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies.
            Example: The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. 


In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples – Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
            Society of Europe
®       (1) Aristocracy (The highest class in certain societies, esp. those holding hereditary titles or offices) The Aristocracy Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.                                   
®       (2) Peasantry
            The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.
®       (3) New Middle Class
            In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market. In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Idea of Liberal Nationalism
®       Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
®       (1) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.     
®       (2) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
®       Example:
            Formation of Zollverein
            Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small   principalities a confederation of 39 states in German region. Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg         to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
             In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

A New Conservatism after 1815
®       Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.

Basic philosophy
®       Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved

The Vienna Congress
®       In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.  The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

Main features of the treaty of Vienna 1815 (Austria)
®       The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
®       A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
®       The kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

®       Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy
®       The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east,
            Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

The Revolutionaries
®       During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.

Giuseppe Mazzini


The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

July Revolution in France (1830)
®       The Bourbon kings, who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

Greek War of Independence (1821-32)


The revolution of 1848 in France
®       In the year 1848 food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Louis Philippe was forced to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21.

Revolt by weavers of Silesia (Poland)
®       Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

Frankfurt Parliament (1848)


Final Outcome
®       Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
            Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
             Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
            Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.
            The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate. This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

Role of Language- Case of Poland
            Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

Unification of Germany
          

Unification of Italy
            Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
            The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.



The Strange Case of Britain
            General information
            (1) England – only England
            (2) Great Britain – England + Scotland + Wales
            (3) United Kingdom - England + Scotland + Wales + Northern Ireland
           
          



  
            A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Visualising the Nation
            Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
            Example
            France- Marianne


            Germany- Germinia


Negative Effects of Nationalism
®       By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
®       The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.




Effect on Rest of the World
            Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. But meanwhile, many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination. The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism. But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.



Tuesday 17 September 2013

AGRICULTURE

agriculture 
            Importance of agriculture:
            India is an agriculturally important country. In 2010-11 about 52 per cent of the total work
            force was employed by the farm sector which makes more than half of the Indian Population
            dependent on agriculture for sustenance.
            Provide food security
            some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported.
            Raw material for industries
            TYPES OF FARMING
Primitive Subsistence Farming
            Features
1.  It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture ( Shifting agriculture)
Process:
Using axes, farmers cut down most of the tall trees, which normally help bring down the
smaller tress.  Next the farmers burn the debris under carefully controlled conditions.
Whenever it rains, the rain comes and washes the fresh ashes into the soil, providing the
needed nutrients. The cleared area, is known as a swidden.  The cleared land can support crops
only up to three years or less. After those three years, the soil nutrients are rapidly depleted
and the land becomes too infertile to nourish crops. When the swidden is no longer fertile, the
villagers and farmers find a new site to begin clearing out. They leave the old site uncropped for
many years, allowing it to go back to its normal vegetation state, this could take up to twenty
years. 
2.  practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging
3.  sticks, and family/community labour.
4.  depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil

            Local names of Shifting cultivation in world:
            (1)‘Milpa’ in Mexico  and Central America
            (2) ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela
            (3) ‘Roca’ in Brazil
             (4) ‘Masole’ in Central Africa
            (5) ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia
            (6) ‘Ray’ in Vietnam

            Local names of Shifting cultivation in India:
            (1) ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh
            (2) ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh
            (3) ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha
            (4) ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats
            (5)  ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern Rajasthan
            (6) ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt
            (7)  ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand
            (8) ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region

Intensive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
It is labor-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
Multiple cropping done
Land holding small


            Commercial Farming
            The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs,
            e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order
            to obtain higher productivity to sale in market.
             The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
(a) Plantation
It  is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large
area. The plantation has an interface (connection) of agriculture and industry.
Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant
labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
            In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc.. are important plantation crops.
       Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation
            crops grown in these states.
Since the production is mainly for market, a welldeveloped network of transport and
communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays
            an important role in the development of plantations.

            CROPPING PATTERN
             India has three cropping seasons — rabi, kharif and zaid.

           
Season
Sown
Harvest
Crops
Rabi
October
to December (Availability of precipitation during
winter months due to the western temperate
cyclones)
in summer from
April to June.
wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Kharif
onset of monsoon
in September-October.
paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.
Zaid
short season during the summer

watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

            Note:
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These
are Aus, Aman and Boro.
Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.

AGRICULTURE CROPS
S.
no
Name of Crop
Season
Soil
Temp.
Rainfall
Area
Others
1
Rice, Paddy
 ( rice before threshing)
Kharif
Silt and loam ( soil
With equal proportion
of sand, silt and clay )
Above 250C
Above 100 cm annual
Plains of North, North-east India, Coastal & deltaic regions
 India 2ndlargest producer after China, staple crop of majority of Indians. In Odisha,West Bengal and Assam three crops of paddy grown in a year i.e Aus, Aman and Boro
2
Wheat
Rabi
Alluvial & Black Soil
Above 200C
bright sunshine at ripening and bright sunshine during harvest
50cm -75cm
Ganga-Satluj plains and black soil region of Deccan
2nd important cereal crop
3
Millets -
Jower or Sorghum
Kharif
Regur soil,
Alluvial soil
Above 250C
Less than 100 cm.
Maharashtra, Karnataka, A.P., M.P. 
3rd Important food crop, Maharashtra- largest producer in  India (2011)
4
Millets
(Bajra)
Kharif
Sandy soils  & Shallow Black Soil
Above 250C
35 cm to 50 cm.
Rajasthan, U.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana 
Rajasthan- largest producer India
5
Millets
(Ragi)
Kharif
Red, black sandy, loamy & shallow black soil
200C - 300C
35 cm to 50 cm.
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, H.P., Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Arunanchal Pradesh
Karnataka- largest producer India
- Rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage
6
Maize
Kharif
Old Alluvial Soil
210C - 270C
Annual 60 cm.
Karnataka, U.P., Bihar, Andhra Pradesh & M.P.
In Bihar- grown in Rabi Season also, used as food and fodder
7
Pulses
Rabi- peas, gram
Kharif- tur (arhar), Moong, Urad
Need less moisture
M.P., U.P., Rajasthan, Maharashtra & Karnataka
India largest production & consumption.
- leguminous (except arhar) & restore soil fertility by fixing nitrogen
8
Sugarcane
Almost a year to grow
Variety of soils
210C - 270C
100 cm, hot & humid climate
U.P., Maharashtra, Karnataka, TamilNadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab & Haryana
- 2nd largest producer after Brazil.
- used to make sugar,  Jaggry (gur), khandsari
( raw sugar unrefined brown in color ) & molasses ( a thick dark syrup
Produced by boiling sugarcane juice)
9
Groundnut
Kharif
Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu,Karnataka, 
Gujarat &    Maharashtra
Groundnut – Second largest after China
 Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu in 2015-16.
10
Other oil seeds
Both Kharif & Rabi
-
-
-
-
- oil seeds cover 12% of total cropped area of India.
-Sesamum ( Til ) is Kharif crop in north and Rabi crop in south.
-Castor seeds is grown both as Rabi and Kharif.
-Mustard (sarso) is a Rabi crop
-Soyabean
-Coconut
-Linseed is Rabi crop
 -In Rape seed India is Third largest producer after Canada and China ( 2014 ).
11
Tea
Lengthy growing season
Deep & fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter
Warm & frost  free climate
Frequent showers throughout year
Assam, Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri of W.Bengal,Tamilnadu, Kerala, H.P., Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, ripura
- Labour intensive
 India third largest producer after China and Turkey (2008).
12
Coffee
Plantation crop
-Different soil types
-Well drained soil
160C - 270C
125 cm. 200
cm.
Baba Budan Hills, Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu
- 3.5 % of world coffee
production in (2014).
- Arabica variety brought from Yemen
- known for its good quality.
 Direct sunrays are injurious to the plant; it is often grown in the shades of other trees. 
13
Rubber
Plantation crop
-
Equatorial crops, need moist and humid climate, temp. above 250C
Above 200 cm
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, A& N Islands, Garo hills of Meghalaya
- 4th among world's natural rubber production (2012-13).
- 62 % rubber is used in Auto tyres and tubes.
14
Cotton
Kharif
Black soil of Deccan Plateau
High temperature, 210 frost free days, bright sunshine
Light rainfall
Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P.,   Karnataka,  Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,  Punjab , Haryana & U.P.
- India original home of cotton.
- main raw material for textile industry.
- 2rd largest producer after China
(2014).
- requires 6 to 8 months to mature
15
Jute
Kharif
Flood plains i.e. well drained khadar
High temperature
-
W. Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya
- known as golden  fibre
- used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets etc.
Nylon main competitor for jute.
Note :   In 2014, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world afterChina.
Rearing of silkworms is known as sericulture.
 India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables

Problems
→The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical. A few economists think that Indian farmershave a bleak future if they continue growing food grains on the holdings that grow smaller
and smaller as the population rises.
→In large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture.
→Agricultural share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards.
→Agricultural sector is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country.
→Lack of public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.
→Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
→Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental i.e causing harm to agriculture in the country.
→Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the
employment in agriculture.
→Unsustainable pumping has reduced water storage in aquifers.Consequently, many wells and tubewells have run dry.
→Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

Steps to improve condition of agriculture

Institutional Reforms

→ ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan.
→Consolidation of holdings: The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings.
→Abolition of zamindari
→Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
→Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
→Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for farmer.
→The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
→Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities,
veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development,

Technological Reforms
→The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) to improve agriculture.
→Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
→Improving the rural infrastructure.
→Use of modern technique

Bhoodan – Gramdan
Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. Vinoba believed in the Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. After Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji’s message covered almost the entire country. Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming. Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be
distributed among 80 land-less villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Later he travelled and introduced his ideas widely all over India. Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan. However, many land-owners chose to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers due to the fear of land
ceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.

The Champaran movement

The Champaran movement started in 1917 in Bihar by Gandhi. This was started because
farmers of that region were forced to grow indigo on their land because it was necessary
for the textile industries which were located in Britain. They were unable to grow foodgrains
to sustain their families.