LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
Means
of transport
® Land- Roadways, Railways and Pipelines
® Water- Inland and overseas
® Air- Domestic and International
Roadways
India
has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3
million km at present.
In
India, roadways have preceded railways. The growing importance of road
transport vis-à-vis rail transport is rooted in the following reasons;
(a) construction cost is much lower
than that of railway lines,
(b) roads can traverse comparatively
more dissected and undulating topography.
(c) roads can negotiate higher
gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas,
(d) road transport is economical in transportation
of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances,
(e) it also provides door-to-door
service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower,
(f) road transport is also used as a
feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway
stations, air and sea ports.
Classification
of Roads
In
India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their
capacity
(1)
Golden Quadrilateral ( Two Components )
(a) The
government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-
Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
(B) The North-South
corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil
Nadu),
East-West Corridor connecting Silcher
(Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project.
The
major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance
between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are being implemented
by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
Note: The famous Grand Trunk Road i.e GT Road was constructed by Sher Shah Suri.
Note: The famous Grand Trunk Road i.e GT Road was constructed by Sher Shah Suri.
(2)
National Highways:
National
Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems
and are laid and maintained by the Central
Public Works Department (CPWD).
National highway No. 7- Longest in India,
Varanasi (UP) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu)
National highway No. 15- longest in Rajasthan
covers most Rajasthan from Punjab border to Gujarat border.
National
highway No. 5- Odhisa to Tamil nadu
National
highway No. 8- Delhi to Mumbai via Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat
National
highway No. 11- Agra to Bikaner via Jaipur
(3)
State Highways:
Roads
linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State
Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in
State and Union Territories.
(4) District
Roads:
These
roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
(5)
Other Roads:
Rural
roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under
this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
(6)
Border Roads:
Apart
from these, Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking
constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This
organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of
strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. These roads
have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in
the economic development of these areas.
Road
Density
The
length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.
Distribution of road is not uniform in the country. Density of all roads varies
from only 10.04 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 532.27 km in UP (2007-8) with the
national average of 125.02 km
(2007-8).
Problems:
Keeping in view the volume of traffic and
passengers, the road network both at national level and state level is
inadequate.
About half of the roads are unmetalled and
this limits their usage during the rainy season.
The
roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts
are old and narrow.
Railways:
The
Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The
first train steamed off from Mumbai to
Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.
Railways
are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate
the development of the industry and agriculture.
Rail
Network:
The
Indian Railway have a network of 7,133 stations spread over a route length of 64,460
km. with a fleet of 9213 locomotives, 53,220 passenger service vehicles, 6493
other coach vehicles and 229, 381 wagons as on March 2011.
Rail
Gauge and Length of routes in India
® Broad Gauge (1.676) – Total
track-102,680
® Metre Gauge (1.000) – Total track-8561
® Narrow Gauge (0.762 and 0.610) – Total
track-2753
Source- Railway year book 2010-11,
Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India
Development
of Railways:
The
Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones.
Headquarter
of Northwestern railways- Jaipur.
Railways
distribution
The
northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich
agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth.
However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their
wide beds posed some obstacles.
In the hilly terrains of the peninsular
region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The
Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of
railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic
opportunities.
Likewise,
it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan,
swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and
Jharkhand.
The
contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes
(Ghats). In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west
coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most
important economic region of India. It has also faced a number of problem such
as sinking of track in some stretches and landslides.
Problems:
Rail
transport suffers from certain problems as well. Many passengers travel without
tickets. Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped
completely. People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this
causes heavy damage to the railway.
Pipelines:
Pipeline
transport networks are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and
natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories
and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline
when converted into slurry. The far inland locations of refineries like
Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could be thought of
only because of pipelines. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but
subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out trans-shipment losses or
delays.
There
are three important networks of pipeline
transportation in the country.
•
From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from
Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to
Siliguri.
•
From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar
in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect
Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.
•
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects
Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has
branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar
Pradesh.
Waterways
Waterways
are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy
and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of
transport. India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of
these only 3,700 km are navigable by mechanised boats.
The
following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the
Government:
•
The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)- N.W. No.1
•
The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)- N.W. No.2
•
The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara
canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
The
other viable inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans,
Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation
Canal.
Sea
Ports
With
a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 187 notified
non-major (medium/intermediate) ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of
India’s foreign trade.
Major
sea ports on west coast
Kandla
in Kuchchh was the
first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the
Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the
Partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of
exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching
across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious
natural and well-sheltered harbour. The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with
a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region.
Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore
exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of
India’s iron ore export.
New
Mangalore port,
located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from
Kudremukh mines. Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the
entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
Major
sea ports on east coast
Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu. This port has a
natural harbour and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing trade handling
of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries like Sri
Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India.
Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports
of the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and
cargo.
Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and
well-protected port. This port was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron
ore exports.
Paradip port located in Orissa, specialises
in the export of iron ore.
Kolkata is an inland riverine port. This port
serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. Being a
tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary
port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
Airways:
® The
air transport was nationalised in 1953.
® On
the operational side, Indian Airlines, Alliance Air (subsidiary of Indian
Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non- scheduled operators provide
domestic air services.
® Air
India provides international air services. Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provides
helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off- shore
operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern
states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttaranchal.
® Indian
Airlines operations also extend to the neighbouring countries of South and
south-east Asia and the Middle east.
® It
can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense
forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.
Important
Airports
(1) Delhi- Indira Gandhi International
Airport
(2)
Mumbai- Chatrapati Shivaji
(3)
Kolkata- Netaji subhash Chandra Bose Airport (Dum Dum Airport)
(4)
Amritsar- Raja Sansi Airport
(5)
Chennai- Meenambakkam Airport
Communication
Personal
communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films,
etc. are the major means of communication in the country.
Indian
Postal network:
® The
Indian postal network is the largest in the world.
® Cards
and envelopes are considered first–class mail and are airlifted between
stations covering both land and air.
® The
second–class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.
® To
facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels
have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel,
Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.
Telephone:
India
has one of the largest telephone networks in Asia. In order to strengthen the
flow of information from the grassroot to the higher level, the government has
made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD (Subscriber Trunk
Dialling) facility to every village in the country. There is a uniform rate of
STD facilities all over India. It has been made possible by integrating the
development in space technology with communication technology.
Mobile:
Till March 2010, 548.32
million mobile connections were in India. Make a comparison with any other country of your choice.
Mass
Communication:
Mass
communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about
various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television,
newspapers, magazines, books and films. All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts
a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various
categories of people, spread over different parts of the country. Doordarshan,
the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial
networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from
entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.
Newspapers:
India
publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of
different types depending upon their periodicity. Newspapers are published in
about 100 languages and dialects. Largest number of newspapers published in the
country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu.
Films:
India
is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films;
video feature films and video short films. The Central Board of Film
Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
International
Trade
Trade
between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through
sea, air or land routes. Advancement of international trade of a country is an
index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic
barometer for a country.
Export:
® When
the goods are sent to other country for sale it is called as export.
® Among
the major commodities of export (2010-11) the share of:
® Agriculture
and allied products has been 9.9 per cent,
® Ores
and minerals 4.0%,
® Gems
and jewellery 14.7 per cent,
® Petroleum
products (including coal) 16.8 per cent
Import:
® When
the goods come from other country to be sold in India it is called import.
® The
major commodities imported to India (2010-11) include:
® Petroleum
and petroleum products (28.6 per cent),
® Pearls
and precious stones (9.4 per cent),
® Chemicals
(5.2 per cent),
® Coal,
coke and briquettes (2.7 per cent),
® Machinery
(6.4 per cent)
Balance of Payment:
This is the difference between
export and import of a country. When export is higher than import then this is
a situation of favourable balance of payment. On the other hand when the import
is higher than export then this is a situation of unfavourable balance of
payment.
Tourism as a Trade
® Foreign
tourist’s arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 11.8 per cent during
the year 2010 as against the
year 2009, contributing Rs 64,889 crore of foreign exchange in 2010.
® 5.78
million foreign tourists visited India in 2010.
® More
than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
® Foreign
tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism,
cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
® Rajasthan,
Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important
destinations of foregin tourists in India.
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