SOCIAL SCIENCE

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY introduction           Chapter deals with the expected and actual outcomes of democracy in various respects, quality of government, economic well-being, inequality, social differences and conflict and finally freedom and dignity. assessment of democracy’s outcomes           Democracy is better because it : (i)     Promotes equality among citizens; (ii)   Enhances the dignity of the individual; (iii)  Improves the quality of decision making; (iv)  Provides a method to resolve conflicts; and (v)     Allows room to correct mistakes.           But not all people would be satisfied with the democracy in practice. So we face a dilemma : democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to be not so good in its practice.     ...

Money & Credit v Money - Anything which is generally accepted as payment for goods & services. v Main Function – Medium of Exchange v History of Money Ø Barter system existed – prehistoric times Ø Double coincidence of wants main feature Ø Later  ‘cowry’  (sea shells ) came into usages Ø Acc. To Herodotus ‘lydians’ (people around black sea ) were the first to introduce the use of gold & silver coins (650-600B.C)  Ø India Ø Punch –Marked coins (2500 years ago) ,earliest coins. Ø Gupta Coins- Gold & Silver Ø Tughlaq- Token Currency Ø Akbar – gold mohar Ø Paper Money was first used in China (7 century A.D) Ø Money avoid the inefficiencies of barter system, such as ‘double coincidence of wants’ v Modern form of currency 1.   Cash (Bank Notes & Coin) Ø Not made of precious metals- stainless steel Ø Authorized by Govt. Ø No Individual Can Legally refuse a payment made in rupee . 2. ...

GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE Ø   In Societies differences exist v   Gender Division Ø   It is natural biological fact Ø   However based on social expectation & stereotypes Example      I.          Sexual division of labour Ø   Domestic work & bringing up children –responsibilities of women Ø   Outside  work- men Fact Ø   Majority of women do some sort of paid work outside in addition to domestic labour Ø   Their work- no recognition & not valued i.e. invisible Ø   “Time use survey “ (1998-99) says men work 6.5 hrs. & females 7hrs.  Men sleeps 12.25 hrs. women 11.10 hrs.    II.          Women role in public life Ø   Role minimal in most societies. Women agitated for equal rights. Ø   Feminist: a woman or man who believes in equal rights & opportunities fo...